Planting,Techniques,of,Pennisetum,giganteum,in,Huanghuai,Area
Jiancheng DING Guiying SHI Xin ZHAO Qiguang ZHAO
Abstract Pennisetum giganteum z. x. lin selected by the National Juncao Center is a high-yielding and high-quality Juncao variety. It is a high-quality horticultural variety that grows upright， and has tall plants with high yield and high value. Planting should be carried out in the right time to ensure the quality of planting and promote the seedlings to be tidy and strong， and according to the row spacing of 80 cm， plant spacing of 40 cm， 2 plants per hole， about 2 000 holes per 667 m2， with the need for furrowing. At the seedling stage， the soil should be kept moist， and watered in time when it is dry and lacking water. P. giganteum is fertilizer-tolerant and sensitive to fertilizers， and requires a reasonable and economical amount of fertilizer.
Key words Node section cutting; Transplanting; Water management; Fertilizer management; Reaping
Juncao technology is a new technology created by Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University to produce edible and medicinal fungi from grass plants. Pennisetum giganteum z. x. lin selected by the National Juncao Center is a high-yielding and high-quality Juncao variety. It grows upright in clusters and has tall plants[1]. It can reach 3 to 5 m in the north. It has high utilization rates of light and heat， strong resistance to stress， simple planting， and extensive use， and can be used as a fungus-growing material to produce more than 50 kinds of edible and medicinal fungi. It is also a kind of high-quality forage for cattle， sheep， fish， rabbits and other livestock and poultry. It can be made into high-efficiency pig feed and has broad application prospects. P. giganteum is a C4 plant with high photosynthetic efficiency， which is 4.00-7.46 times that of ordinary C3 crops. Its yield is much higher than that of ordinary crops. Generally， more than 15 t can be produced per 667 m2 in the north， and the output value of 667 m2 is 5 100 yuan when calculated with the lowest price of 340 yuan/t. It has higher yield and higher value than any currently known gramineous plant， and is a high-quality horticultural variety.
Zhoukou City， Henan Province is located in the southeastern part of Henan Province， in the hinterland of Huanghuai， at 114.69° east longitude， 33.62° north latitude， 35.5-64.3 m above sea level， and with annual sunshine hours of 1 990.2-2 278.2 h， an annual average temperature of 14.2-14.7 ℃， an annual precipitation of 696.5-889.6 mm， and the average frost-free period is 219 d， which is suitable for the growth conditions of P. giganteum.
Node Section Cutting
P. giganteum cannot naturally bloom and produce seeds in the north， so it must be reproduced asexually using stem nodes. The key to planting P. giganteum is not to look at the individuals but the population， not the yield per unit area but the total yield. The focus is on the management of seedling raising and early growth， planting in time， and improving the quality of planting， so that the seedlings are tidy and strong and in a reasonable density. For P. giganteum， it is generally advocated to adopt seedling raising and transplantation in the north. The survival rate of seedling raising and transplantation is high， and the lack of seedlings and vacant ridges are not likely to happen， so it shortens the growth and development time in the early stage in the field， and improves the land utilization rate.
When cutting node sections for raising plantlets， each node has a bud， and is long in the upper part and short in the lower part to facilitate cuttage. In order to save the investment and labor of seedling raising and cultivation， bud node sections can also be planted directly. When planting directly， the stems are generally cut into two-bud nodes. The sections with full axillary buds are selected from the seed stem sections stored in winter， which are cut into seed sections with tools according to different planting requirements. Then， the seed sections are soaked in water for about 24 h. They are soaked immediately after cutting and used in time to prevent nutrient loss. Regardless of seedling raising or direct seeding， the node sections can be placed in a place with a higher temperature to accelerate budding in advance. Soaking with rooting powder can increase the germination rate and tillering rate.
Nutrient bowls or plug trays can be used to grow seedlings. We can use 8 cm×8 cm nutrient bowls or 54 cm×28 cm×9 cm 50-hole seedling trays. After filling up them with a seedling substrate， seed nodes are inserted straightly or obliquely into the substrate until the axillary buds on the nodes are penetrated into the substrate 3-5 cm. The axillary buds should be above the stem nodes when the seed nodes are inserted obliquely. Watering should be carried out immediately after cuttage to ensure adequate water during the nursery period. The temperature is controlled at 20-30 ℃， and the seedling raising period is 20-30 d.
Transplanting
All kinds of soil can be used to grow P. giganteum， but sandy loam soil is the best. Because P. giganteum cannot overwinter in this area， it is annual and needs to be planted every year. It is necessary to increase the planting density to increase leaf volume compared with areas that the plant can overwinter and is perennial， so that the leaf curtain can spread quickly to cover the ground surface to form the maximum photosynthetic capacity as soon as possible and increase the early yield. The planting is carried out according to the row spacing of 80 cm， the plant spacing of 40 cm， 2 plants per hole， with the need for furrowing， and there are 2 000 holes per 667 m2. In ornamental and seed-stem fields， plants should be planted sparsely， with a row spacing of 1 m and a planting spacing of 1 m， at a density of 600-800 plants per 667 m2. As to fences， plants should be densely planted， with a row spacing of 40 cm and a plant spacing of 25 cm. The planting of bud node sections uses sections each having two buds. Because of P. giganteum"s strong self-adjustment of tillering， fewer basic seedlings are accompanied by more tillers， and more basic seedlings are accompanied by fewer tillers. More buds can be planted to ensure the budding rate. It is not suitable to plant too early， it should be planted when the daily average temperature is stable above 15 ℃. The bud node sections are laid flatly with buds on both sides or above， and covered with soil 2-3 cm.
Weeding management
When planting P. giganteum with large row spacing， weeds grow easily. Weeds should be controlled before the ridges are closed. Intertillage or chemical weeding can be adopted.
Water management
P. giganteum is between xerophytes and aquatic plants. It needs water during its growth period. Although it is drought-tolerant， it grows slowly in water shortage. P. giganteum is planted annually in Zhoukou， Henan， and the root system has no aerial roots， and grows vigorously when the soil is well-permeable. Excessive moisture in the seedling stage will slow down growth， and it is easy to get sick and die. If the field moisture is too much after jointing， the soil will become soft easily， and the plants will fall down in case of strong wind， which will increase the difficulty of harvesting and affect the quality. Drip irrigation is an ideal irrigation method. After transplanting or planting， drip irrigation pipes can be laid. In order to prevent tiller growth from affecting drip irrigation， the drip irrigation pipes should be about 15 cm away from the plants. The annual water consumption of 667 m2 of P. giganteum is about 360 m3， and drip irrigation is carried out in 12 times， and about 15 d once without rain. The first drip irrigation is carried out in time after planting， and the water consumption is small in the early growth period and the early harvest period. The dripping time should be prolonged in the peak growth period after jointing. More water is needed in the middle， and less in the early and late stages.
If there is no drip irrigation condition， there should be sufficient water in the seedling stage， and irrigation should be carried out once every 7 d. After the seedling stage， except for rainy weather， watering is carried out when the soil is dry and lack of water， about once every 15 d. When watering after jointing， it is necessary to avoid waterlogging caused by heavy water and prevent lodging.
Fertilizer Management
The base fertilizer is mainly farmyard manure， and 3 000 kg of farmyard manure is applied per 667 m2， or 50-60 kg of compound fertilizer is applied as the base fertilizer. Urea should be topdressed once when the ridge is about to be closed， and 15-20 kg of urea should be topdressed per 667 m2 for each harvest. P. giganteum is fertilizer-tolerant and sensitive to fertilizers， and requires a reasonable and economical amount of fertilizer.
The integration of water and fertilizer is implemented. When the height is 20 cm， water-soluble fast-effective fertilizer can be added during drip irrigation at 3 kg， which is then gradually increased to 6-8 kg， and the water-soluble fertilizer can be dripped every other time during drip irrigation.
Pest and Disease Control
P. giganteum is an imported crop with few diseases and pests. We should try not to use pesticides. There are a small amount of stem borers in the early stage， and anthracnose occurs after harvesting， which can be appropriately controlled.
Reaping
P. giganteum has a high yield and a large workload. The production process should be mechanized as much as possible， especially planting and harvesting. As a kind of green fodder， it can be harvested and fed at any time after 50 cm. If the harvesting conditions are available， it can be cut 5 cm above the growing point for the first time as forage， which will not damage the growing point， and the plants will grow up soon. Generally， when the plants grow to 1.5-2.5 m， reaping is needed. For silage， the harvesting is generally carried out when the plants are about 2.6 m. Watering is controlled for a period of time before harvesting to reduce its water content. If the water content is too high， dry auxiliary materials such as straw and wheat bran can be added to adjust the water content. In winter， frost can be used to dry the leaves and reduce the water content of the leaves.
When planting edible fungi with a high protein content， such as enoki and straw mushroom， the plants are harvested at a height of 1.5-1.8 m when they are tender. When planting Auricularia auricula， shiitake mushroom， etc.， the plants are harvested after fully lignified at a height of 2.5 m or more. When harvesting，leaving stubbles of 5 cm is most beneficial to the growth of the next crop.
Others
When planting P. giganteum， we should try best to meet its growth requirements and exert its high yield potential. Legumes or green manure can be interplanted in low temperature seasons， for example， interplanting winter wheat or raising seedlings in advance and transplanting after wheat. Through silage， P. giganteum can be stored for 1 to 2 years， and it is more valuable to feed during the lack of grass in winter. Waste land can be used to grow P. giganteum. Whether it is used as feed and a material for growing fungi， waste resources such as crop straws and fallen leaves can be used while reducing the cost of feeding and fungus-growing materials through a reasonable ratio.
During the planting period， large livestock such as cattle and sheep are not allowed to enter the field for feeding or trampling. If necessary， staged breeding can be carried out. In the later stage of the seed stem field， geese and chickens can be raised under the grass， and the shading function of P. giganteum can also be used for the cultivation of edible fungi under the grass.
The above-ground stem nodes and axillary buds of P. giganteum in winter all freeze and die when the temperature is below 0 ℃. Tillering nodes， namely underground non-elongated stem nodes， contain high levels of glycosides， phosphorus and potassium and other elements， and the buds on them can withstand low temperatures of -6 ℃. After the last harvesting， the stubbles of about 5 cm are left， and covered by the soil turned over and other measures such as hay and film to keep warm and cold. We can try to grow P. giganteum through the winter for many years.
References
[1]LIN ZX. Introduction to Juncao science[M]. Beijing：
China Agriculture Press， 2019.
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