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慢性阻塞性肺疾病与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的相关性

2022-01-29 16:18:07公文范文
杨浩高达[摘要]目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)的相关性。方

杨浩 高达

[摘要] 目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)的相关性。

方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年1月宁波市医疗中心李惠利医院收治的211例CAD合并COPD患者,根据SYNTAX评分分为三组,再根据《慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议2019(GOLD2019)》分为四组。冠脉病变严重程度各组间比较采用方差分析;各计量资料与冠脉病变及COPD严重程度的相关性分析采用Spearman检验;COPD严重程度与CAD严重程度相关性分析采用Kendall"s tau检验。

结果 COPD严重程度与CAD病变严重程度呈显著正相关(r>0,P<0.05);年龄、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、用力肺活量(FVC)与CAD严重程度呈显著正相关(r>0,P<0.05);第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC与CAD严重程度呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05);年龄、LDL-C、FEV1预计值(preFEV1)、FVC與COPD严重程度呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05);FEV1、FEV1/FVC与COPD严重程度呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05)。

结论 肺功能参数和CAD病变严重程度及COPD严重程度具有相关性,且COPD严重程度与CAD严重程度呈正相关。

[关键词] COPD;CAD;SYNTAX评分;肺功能检测

[中图分类号] R563.9          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)34-0044-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the correlation between chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods A total of 211 CAD patients with COPD admitted to Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital from January 2017 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into three groups according to SYNTAX score, and then divided into four groups according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2019(GOLD2019). Analysis of variance was used to compare the severity of coronary artery disease between the groups. Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation between each measurement data and the severity of coronary artery disease and COPD. Kendall"s stau test was used to analyze the correlation between the severity of COPD and the severity of CAD. Results There was a significant positive correlation between the severity of COPD and the severity of CAD lesions (r>0, P<0.05). Age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and forced vital capacity(FVC) were significantly positively correlated with CAD severity (r>0, P<0.05). Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC were negatively correlated with CAD severity (r<0, P<0.05). Age, LDL-C, predicted FEV1 (preFEV1), and FVC were positively correlated with COPD severity (r>0, P<0.05). FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were negatively correlated with COPD severity(r<0, P<0.05). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that there is a correlation between pulmonary function parameters and CAD lesion severity and COPD severity, and COPD severity is positively correlated with CAD severity.

[Key words] COPD; CAD; SYNTAX score; Pulmonary function test

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,COPD)是气流受限不完全可逆的肺部疾病[1]。全球常见死因中COPD已上升至第三位[2-3]。COPD的症状及功能受限是由于气道阻塞、呼吸活动增加和气体交换障碍所致,最终可导致肺动脉高压、肺心病和心衰[4-6]。约20%的COPD患者无任何症状,但1 s用力呼气容积(Forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)降低是导致心血管事件的高危因素[7]。有研究[8-11]发现COPD患者中缺血性心脏病和心力衰竭的患病率较高。本研究旨在通过肺功能来探讨COPD与CAD病变严重程度的关系,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾2017年1月至2020年1月于宁波市医疗中心李惠利医院住院的CAD合并COPD患者211例,据SYNTAX将患者分为三组:冠脉轻度(n=23)、中度(n=161)及重度组(n=27),据《慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议2019(GOLD2019)》分为四组:GOLD1-1级组(n=44),GOLD1-2级组(n=136),GOLD1-3级组(n=28),GOLD1-4级组(n=3),且所有患者均行冠脉造影及肺功能检查且资料完整。本研究已通过宁波市医疗中心李惠利医院医学伦理委员会批准。排除标准:①患有除COPD外的其他呼吸疾病者;②既往有血管造影史、严重心脏瓣膜病史者;③有恶性肿瘤史者;④感染以及肝肾功能不全者。纳入标准:同时合并有CAD及COPD者,CAD定义为冠状动脉造影明确至少有1支冠脉主干或主要分支病变≥50%,COPD根据《慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议2019(GOLD2019)》[12]诊断标准为FEV1/FVC<70%。

1.2 方法

回顾性分析所需患者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、吸烟、糖尿病、收缩压(Systolic pressure,SBP)和舒张压(Diastolic pressure,DBP)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、1 s用力呼气容积(Forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、FEV1预计值(preFEV1)、用力肺活量(Forced vital capacity,FVC)、FEV1/FVC、射血分数(Ejection fraction,EF)、血红蛋白(Hemoglobin,Hb)、红细胞压积(Hematocrit,Hct)。根据《GOLD2019》[12],患者GOLD分级如下:1级:FEV1≥80%,2级:50%≤FEV1<80%,3级:30%≤FEV1<50%,4级:FEV1<30%。根据冠状动脉造影结果及SYNTAX评分[13],将患者分为三组:轻度:SYNTAX评分≤22(n=23),中度:23≤SYNTAX评分≤32(n=161),重度:SYNTAX评分≥33(n=27)(通过www.syntaxscore.com评分工具计算所得)。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析处理。计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用ANOVA分析。Kolmogorov-Sminiov(KS)检验评估变量正态性。计量资料与COPD严重程度及CAD严重程度相关性采用Spearman检验。COPD严重程度与CAD严重程度相关性采用Kendall检验。计数资料以[n(%)]表示,差异性比较采用χ2检验。统计结果判定均采用双侧。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 三组患者一般临床资料

211例患者中,男53例(25.10%),女158例(74.90%)。其中34.1%患者吸煙,65.90%患者不吸烟,平均年龄(59.36±8.29)岁。其中年龄、LDL-C、SBP、FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC在CAD各组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。

2.2 CAD与COPD严重程度相关性分析

GOLD分级为1、2、3、4级的患者分别为44例、136例、28例和3例。CAD病变轻度、中度、重度的患者分别为23例、161例和27例。在CAD轻度病变组中GOLD3/4级为0例,在CAD中度及重度病变组GOLD3/4级的例数明显增多,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Kendall相关分析显示,COPD严重程度与CAD严重程度呈显著的正相关(W=0.509,P<0.05),COPD分级越高,CAD病变越重。见表2。

2.3 一般临床资料与CAD及COPD严重程度相关性分析

年龄、糖尿病史、LDL-C、FVC与CAD严重程度呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05),FEV1、FEV1/FVC则与之呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05)。年龄、LDL-C、preFEV1、FVC与COPD严重程度呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05),FEV1、FEV1/FVC则与之呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05)。见表3。

3 讨论

CAD和COPD在老年人中多见,早期发现并预测其进展很重要。心血管疾病在全球死因中占主导地位[14-15]。有研究报道COPD与动脉粥样硬化间的关系[9-11,16],氧化应激降低及慢性炎症可能是致COPD患者动脉粥样硬化加重的原因[11]。

本研究探讨COPD严重程度与CAD严重程度的关系。通过对211例CAD患者的研究发现年龄、LDL-C、SBP、FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC与CAD严重程度存在统计学差异。许多研究表明,吸烟是增加CAD发病及严重程度的危险因素之一[17-18],然而本研究结果与之不符。有研究表明[19-20],COPD病变越重,罹患CAD可能性越大。本研究发现肺功能越差者CAD病变越重。Zhu等[21]亦发现COPD与CAD严重程度具有相关性。其中机制可能是COPD患者常伴随二氧化碳分压升高,而二氧化碳可加重动脉粥样硬化。

本研究发现CAD严重程度与年龄、糖尿病史、LDL-C、SBP、FEV1、FVC、FEV1、FVC具有相关性。本研究发现合并糖尿病的CAD患者冠脉病变更重,这与Goudis等[20]的结果一致,且高血压和糖尿病均为CAD的主要危险因素[22-24]。年龄是心血管疾病的危险因素之一,本研究发现CAD病变程度越重则其年龄越大。但本研究也存在一些局限性,回顾性研究及小样本量均会对研究产生一定偏倚,所以为了获得更好的研究结果,尚需更大样本量的前瞻性研究。

肺功能及COPD嚴重程度与CAD严重程度具有相关性,可预测CAD的严重程度。可作为一项评估及预测CAD病情的无创且经济的手段,具有重要临床意义。

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(收稿日期:2021-04-09)

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